Advanced Materials: The Crucial Role of Material Technology in...

Advanced Materials: The Crucial Role of Material Technology in Industrial Transformation

Manufacturing Technology Insights | Monday, April 10, 2023

The performance and cost of steel and metal alloy materials have made them the preferred material for vehicle manufacturing for decades.

FREMONT, CA: Owing to their performance and affordability, steel and metal alloys have been used for automobile construction for decades. Yet, current industry trends call for more innovative materials to improve the fuel economy of modern automobiles without sacrificing safety, performance, or affordability. Innovations in lightweight materials, magnesium and aluminum alloys, high-performance polymers, and 3D printing, among others, will facilitate the industry's embrace of e-mobility and sustainability trends.

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Less energy is required to accelerate a lighter item than a heavier one; hence lightweight materials have considerable promise for enhancing vehicle economy. According to the US Agency of Energy and Renewable Energy (EERE), a 10-percent decrease in vehicle mass can result in a 6-8 percent improvement in fuel economy, superseding traditional steel components and cast iron with lightweight materials such as high-strength steel, magnesium alloys, aluminum alloys, carbon fiber, and polymer composites can directly lower the poundage of a car's body and chassis by up to 50 percent, hence reducing fuel consumption.

Automobiles progressively include new technological components, emission control systems, and safety gadgets. With lightweight structural materials, cars can carry additional components without increasing the vehicle's overall mass. According to "Modern Materials for Automobile Industry," written by Havorun et al. and published in the Journal of Engineering Sciences, materials that can replace steel must provide high strength, energy intensity or the ability to absorb impact, manufacturability, minimal weight, corrosion resistance, and maintainability.

Additionally, lightweight materials are crucial for all vehicles but significant for HEVs, PHEVs, and BEVs. According to EERE, lightweight materials in these vehicles can offset the weight of power systems like batteries and electric motors, increasing their efficiency and all-electric range.

According to MBN, the average vehicle body in the US fleet today comprises 65 percent steel, 13 percent aluminum, 4 percent magnesium, 6 percent plastic and polymer composites, and a variable percentage of glass, adhesives, sealants, and foam. While automakers continue exploring and developing alternative materials, copper will remain a critical raw resource. Electric vehicles require a great deal of copper. It has been utilized thus far in motors, batteries, inverters, wiring, and fuses.

Short-Term Research on Lightweight Materials

Short-term research and development efforts primarily focus on replacing heavy steel components with high-strength steel, which is stronger and more pliable than standard steel. According to EERE, advanced high-strength steel can reduce component weight by up to 25 percent. The material can also increase the crash performance of a car while still allowing suppliers to make components using standard methods.

Aluminum alloys are a practical option for the automobile sector. Aluminum automobile bodies have reached mass manufacture, albeit only for costly models. MBN reports that premium brands, like Jaguar-Land Rover, Audi, and BMW, frequently experiment with aluminum alloys.

According to EERE, experts thoroughly understand aluminum's properties and processing due to its widespread application in aerospace and building. In addition to joining, corrosion, repairs, and recycling, cost and production are the most persistent issues with aluminum alloys when the metal is blended with additional substances. The US Automobile Technology Office is now collaborating with The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Ford to enhance manufacturers' pre-treatment of aluminum sheets to increase their formability during stamping.

Long-Term Research on Lightweight Materials

According to EERE, using advanced materials such as magnesium and carbon fiber reinforced composites might lower the weight of specific vehicle components by 50 to 75 percent. Although magnesium can reduce the weight of components by more than 60 percent, its use is now restricted to less than 1 percent of the average vehicle's weight.

Immediate obstacles to the scalability of magnesium include the high cost and price volatility of the raw material, the difficulty of forming magnesium sheets at low temperatures, the low ductility of finished components, and the problem of joining, repairing, and recycling multi-material systems.

Magnesium is currently employed in gearboxes, steering columns, airbag housings for the driver, steering wheels, seat frames, and fuel tank covers. According to the International Magnesium Association, there has been an increasing desire to find opportunities and solutions surrounding the usage of magnesium in automobiles in recent years.

In contrast, carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites can reduce component weight by nearly 60 percent. According to EERE, however, automakers only employ carbon fiber in high-performance vehicles due to the high costs of the raw material and required processing.

Is 3D Printing a Viable Option?

Once utilized exclusively for prototyping, additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, is upsetting the automotive value chain and making its way into other industrial processes. AM is currently applicable to multiple processes. The automobile and aerospace industries have been the largest users of 3D printing; however, the car industry's utilization of this technology is evolving. Original Equipment Manufacturers increasingly utilize this technology. Nearly every OEM in Mexico owns a professional or industrial 3D printer.

Although adopting AM in the automobile industry is difficult due to cost concerns, it is a valuable tool amid supply chain disruptions. During assembly, additive manufacturing aids in printing all necessary components while the supply chain catches up. While 3D printing increases the cost per unit, it halts supply chains.

The potential of AM is noteworthy. According to the Society of Plastics Engineers, vehicle hulls could be 3D-printed in the future, enabling not only lighter vehicles but also a way to a future of quick customization and personalization of cars, going from unique design to computer modeling and printing in days rather than years. In the future, new companies may enter the automotive industry to produce 3D-printed automobiles that meet government safety criteria and consumer performance expectations.

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